Help flower power pour traduction

c'est pour traduire la page en anglais sur voila car sinon c'est limité a 300 caracteres et c relou(si quelqu'un a une autre technique)


Where will miscanthus
grow well?
More experience is needed of yields
under a wide range of soil conditions, but
current information suggests that most
lowland agricultural sites in England
should be suitable for miscanthus
cropping, with the highest yields coming
from deep,moisture retentive soils.
Key determinants of yield are sunshine,
temperature and rainfall. The old ‘maize
growing zone’; south of a line drawn between
the Bristol Channel and the Wash, will satisfy
the environmental requirements for high yield,
but many lowland sites north of this line will
also be suitable. Within these areas, annual
rainfall levels will effect yield.
Soils
Miscanthus has been reported growing, and
producing high or reasonable yields on a wide
range of soils - from sands to high organic
matter soils. It is also tolerant of a wide range
of pH, but the optimum is between pH 5.5 and
7.5. Miscanthus is harvested in the winter or
early spring and therefore it is essential that the
site does not get excessively waterlogged
during this period, as this may cause problems
with the harvesting machinery.
Temperature
The potential cropping zones for miscanthus
are quite widespread. Photosynthesis, and
therefore plant growth, is not achieved at very
low temperatures. However, the threshold for
miscanthus photosynthesis (6oC) is
considerably lower than for maize and,
therefore, the potential growing season is
longer. The major constraint to long season
growth is late spring frosts which destroy early
spring foliage and effectively reduce the
duration of the growing season.
Yield as plants mature
The yield from the first season’s growth, 1-2
t/ha, is not worth harvesting. The stems do not
need to be cut and so the stems may be left in
the field until the following season. From the
second year onwards the crop is harvested
annually. The second year harvestable yields
may range from 4-10 t/ha (occasionally up to 13
t/ha), and those in the third year would be
between 10 -13 t/ha or more. Peak harvestable
yields of 20 t/ha/yr have been recorded at a
number of sites. The reason for the variation
depends on planting density, soil type and
climate. At sites where moisture supply or
exposure limit yield, there may be a longer
‘yield-building’ phase.
Long term yield
The long-term average results from a multi-site
study in England show that harvestable yields
from good sites, including clay, clay loam and
peaty soils, exceed 13 t/ha/yr.Yields from sites
at 300 m altitude in the Yorkshire Wolds (ADAS
High Mowthorpe) and on free-draining sandy
soils (ADAS Gleadthorpe) have been much
lower at 9 t/ha/yr or even less.
Planting material
Two methods of propagation are currently
used in the UK - rhizome division and micropropagation.
Rhizome division is favoured
because it is less expensive and generally
produces more vigorous plants. To produce
new planting material, two or three-year-old
plants are split whilst dormant, using a rotary
cultivator, and the rhizome pieces collected for
re-planting. A 30-40 fold increase in plants can
be achieved this way over a period of 2-3 years,
depending on soil conditions.
Rhizome pieces must have at least 2-3 ‘buds’
and must be kept moist before re-planting. This
is best achieved by keeping rhizomes under
cold-storage conditions, (<4oC) (possibly for up
to a year) but they will remain viable in the field
for a short period of time, if stored in a heap
and covered with moist soil. The optimal
planting density for either propagation system
is 20,000 plants/ha, but this may vary slightly
from site to site. Rhizomes need to be planted
to allow for some expansion of the plant during
the life of the crop and at a soil depth of 5-10
cm. The optimal planting date for rhizomes is
March-April. Early planting takes advantage of
spring-time soil moisture and allows an
extended first season of growth. This is
important because it enables larger rhizome
systems to develop. These are more robust in
future years, and allows the crop

Planting equipment
Planting can be carried out using semiautomatic
potato planters, manure spreaders
or bespoke planters. There is still some
uncertainty as to which is the best planting
method, because local site conditions can
dramatically affect performance. However, use
of the potato planter or bespoke planter are
recommended, as the results below indicate.
Potato planter
For rhizomes destined for use in the potato
planter, grading is required to remove rhizomes
which will not fall down the planting tube or
have less than 2-3 ‘buds’. Once graded, the
operator of the potato planter places rhizomes
into a cup or drops them down a planting tube.
The distance between plants is governed by the
speed of a land wheel. As the rhizomes enter
a furrow opened by a share, the soil is ridged
over the rhizomes. The potato planter should
be followed by a heavy roller to aid soil
consolidation. The work rate achieved is low
(0.3 ha/hr). This technique ensures accurate
placement and good depth control, both of
which are important for good establishment
success.
Results - In a four-site study, this method
achieved a work rate of 0.3ha/hr and an
establishment rate of 95%.

Manure spreader
This is the least favoured option. A manure
spreader can be used simply by filling the
hopper with rhizomes or a rhizome/soil
mixture, and then spreading the material at a
pre-determined rate to attain the desired plant
density. Following broadcasting, the rhizomes
are then cultivated into the soil, to a target
depth of 10-15 cm and the soil rolled, for good
rhizome-soil contact. This must be done as
quickly as possible, to reduce moisture loss in
the exposed rhizomes on the soil surface. This
method produces a faster work rate (3 ha/hr),
but it is an imprecise method due to the lack
of control of plant spacing and depth. Perhaps
most importantly, the rhizomes are not planted
into a fine tilth, so even following rolling,
contact with the soil may be very poor and the
rhizomes prone to drying out.
Results - In the same four-site study, a
work rate of 3ha/hr, but only 22%
establishment was achieved with this
method.
Bespoke planter
A machine has been designed specifically for
planting miscanthus by Hvidsted Energy in
Denmark. This machine works by planting two
rows of rhizomes into a shallow furrow
opened by shares. Once planted, the soil is
moved back to cover the rhizomes and then
rolled. The machine can be calibrated, to plant
different densities, if required.
Results - a work rate of 1.25ha/hr and an
average establishment rate of 92%, in the
four-site study.

Fertiliser requirements
The annual fertiliser demands of the crop
are low. This is due to good nutrient use
efficiency and the plant’s capability to re-cycle
large amounts of nutrients into the rhizomes
during the latter part of the growing season. As
a consequence, nutrient off-take at harvest is
low, as shown in Table 1. Since the leaves
predominately remain in the field it is only
necessary to account for the amount of
nutrients removed in the stems. The nutrient
requirements during the following seasons are
met by leaf litter decomposition, natural soil
nutrient reserves, rhizome reserves and
atmospheric depositions. Mature rhizomes
tend to store more nutrients than the crop
needs, so after the first 2 years, only a small
quantity of additional micro-nutrients may be
required. For good miscanthus yields a
minimum phosphorus and potassium soil index
of 1 should be aimed for and soil nitrogen
supply should exceed 150 kg/ha in each of the
first 2 seasons. When nutrients are needed in
the first 2 seasons, this could come from farmyard
manure or sewage sludge.
Codes of Good Fertiliser Practice should
always be followed.
Table 1. Nutrient ‘off-take’ (kg/ha) for an
‘average crop’ consisting of 13.5 t/ha of
stems and 4.5 t/ha leaf litter
Weed control
Weeds compete with the crop for light, water
and nutrients and can reduce yields. Weed
control in the establishment phase of the crop
is essential because poor control can severely
check the development of the crop. It is vital
that proposed sites should be cleared of
perennial weeds before any planting
takes place. DEFRA’s Pesticides Safety
Directorate has given off-label approval
for herbicides used for cereals,grass and
maize to be used on miscanthus. Write
to PSD (see page 18) or see
www.pesticides.gov.uk/solaweb/solaweb.htm
Herbicide application must not be made on
miscanthus crops greater than 1 metre in
height and the crop cannot subsequently be
used for food or feed. A wide range of
herbicides have been used effectively with no
visible damage to the crop in Denmark and the
UK. Following the establishment year, an
annual spring application of a broad-spectrum
herbicide may be needed to control grass
weeds such as common couch and annual
meadow-grass and broad-leaved weeds with
early season vigour. Glyphosate and paraquat
have been used in this dormant period
between harvest and initiation of spring growth
but they will cause severe damage to any new
shoots which might have emerged. Once the
crop is mature (i.e. from the summer of
the second year), weed interference is
effectively suppressed. This is initially due
to the leaf litter layer on the soil surface and
subsequently due to the closure of the crop
canopy, which reduces the light penetrating
into the under-storey. Weeds that do survive
offer little competition to the crop. Since there
are no labelled recommendations, all products
used are at the users own choosing and the
commercial risk is entirely theirs.

Pests and diseases
Miscanthus species are susceptible to pests and
diseases in the areas to which they are native
(Asia) but, as yet, none of these has been
reported in the UK. Commonplace cereal
diseases known to occur in miscanthus include
barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), which may
limit yield. Also, stem basal diseases may infect
stems in the autumn or winter, reducing stem
strength. There are no reported insect pests in
Europe that have significantly affected the
production of miscanthus. However, two ‘ley
pests’, the common rustic moth and ghost
moth larvae, have been reported feeding on
miscanthus and may cause problems in the
future.
Harvesting
The annual harvest of the stem material can
be carried out between January and
March using a number of different machines,
depending on availability and requirement of
the end market. For energy cropping, a baled
product is the most desirable. However, this
type of harvest involves two operations before
the bale is produced and this can result in high
biomass losses.
The crop is first cut with a mower conditioner.
Conditioning breaks up the rigid stems
allowing accelerated moisture loss, and
provides a light, rectangular windrow. This not
only makes baling easier, but also helps in the
drying of the material, by increasing the surface
area and increasing air circulation in the swath.
There are a number of different types of balers,
each producing different bales, (e.g. rectangular,
round and compact rolls), suitable for different
scales of energy combustion. Large rectangular
and round balers are capable of producing
bales with a dry matter density of between 120
and 160 kg/m3 and weighing between 250 and 600 kg. These balers generally have a capacity
of 1 ha/hr.
A critical factor for an energy crop is the
moisture content at harvest. The drier the
crop, the higher the energy yield and bale value.
Moisture contents as low as 15% have been
reported in southern Europe - although the
lowest moisture content achieved in the UK
has been around 20%, with the average closer
to 50%. This may be partly because, in the UK,
plants are still in the vegetative phase when the
first frost induces die back. By conditioning and
allowing to dry in the field, the stem moisture
content can be halved from 50% to 25%.

toutes suggestions pour aider Flower power dans sa traduction sont les bienvenus parce k'il en a des pages et des pages

j'atten demain pour continuer :p

Il se fait pas chier moreno sur ce coup la
Ya des limites kan meme...
non seb je n'ai pas de suggestion
mais je pourrait en avoir si tu y met le prix

un pot de nutela ca va

ou une photo dedicasé du film?

Ca y est j'ai réussi à me connecter au boulot!!!!!!!!!!!!

Flower power a écrit:

un pot de nutela ca va

non DEUX.
Et tu peut y ajouter des tablettes de chocolat et des dragibus.
rendez vous a la gare de sées vendredi soir a 20h00
amene la marchandise jaurai ce sue tu veux.
je porterai un bonnet violet et des chaussures roses.

oholala mister moreno, ta la fleme de traduire un texte du coup tu nous refourgue le boulot...nononon ca vaut plus que notre poid en nutella si on le fait...